Climate risks are intensifying poverty by disrupting health, education, housing, and livelihoods while undermining long-term development. Indonesia experiences recurrent climate-induced disasters that deepen multidimensional poverty and widen inequality. This paper explores how climate-responsive social protection can address these risks by integrating livelihood sustainability, emergency provisions, and ownership of productive assets as an integral part of the multidimensional poverty framework. Using a qualitative approach, this paper reviews literature, policies, and programs and builds evidence from the case of Indonesia to assess how social protection systems comprehensively protect households from climate risks through protective, preventive, promotive, and transformative measures. Findings reveal progress in expanding social assistance, social insurance, and empowerment initiatives, yet most interventions remain reactive with limited anticipation of climate risks. Integrating climate-sensitive planning with livelihood sustainability, productive assets ownership, and emergency provisions is vital to transform social protection from reactive relief into a proactive, inclusive, and climate-responsive adaptation strategy.