The key messages of the publication includes:

• Social capital is a key element of social protection beyond state intervention. Each community has unique social system dynamics and power relations, forming particular social capital. In developing an adaptive social protection system, through empirical evidence, the government needs to develop a governance model that considers informal social protection practices that already exist in communities and take place between citizens, especially social capital, while understanding the bias of inequality and social injustice.
• Various informal social protection practices, especially those based on social capital existing in the community, for example, in Sumba, exist and develop various life rituals based on the values upheld by the community. The community can develop and expand this system to respond to climate change and disaster adaptation as part of adaptive social protection.
• Semi-formal social protection models provided by nongovernmental microfinance institutions have been proven to assist rural residents when certain stresses and needs exceed the support provided by available formal and informal social protection. The presence of microfinance institutions such as cooperatives or other mechanisms provided by the private sector needs to be considered and developed as part of adaptive social protection by providing an ecosystem that is safe, accessible, and profitable for all parties.