“The utilisation of fisheries management in Indonesian waters is divided into 11 areas known as WPPNRI (Fisheries Management Areas of The Republic of Indonesia). One of the areas, called WPPNRI 572, encompasses the waters of the Western Indian Ocean, Sumatra, and the Sunda Strait. In the WPPNRI 572 area, wind speeds range from 1 to 7 m/s during JJA (June-August). This wind pattern significantly influences wave heights in this area, which can reach 1.5 to 2 metres. One mitigation measure to prevent accidents caused by high waves is the modelling and forecasting of marine weather. This effort aims to assess climate trends, characteristics, and risks related to waves, winds, and cyclones. Additionally, awareness campaigns and training sessions can be organised for fishermen, seafarers, and coastal communities to educate them on responding to high waves and storms, including safe evacuation procedures. “

Entering 2021, UNHCR reported that the number of displaced people rose significantly from 82.4 million at the end of 2020 to more than 84 million in the first half of 2021 as the mixed result of violence, insecurity, and climate change. Taking into account only climate and environmental changes, the risks are already multi-hazard in nature, which means they are interrelated in their causes and impacts. Furthermore, the impacts of climate change may be severely emphasized where conflict exists hand in hand with recurring disasters. In Indonesia, the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB/Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana) recorded that as of December 2021, there are already 8.26 million internally displaces people (IDPs) in the country. Ultimately, in 2018 the World Bank estimated that up to 143 million climate migrants will be generated worldwide by 2050, either through sudden onset events or slow ones coupled with other humanitarian crises, thus making the issue of human displacement more urgent than ever.

The urgent need for disaster resilience in urban displaced populations is highlighted by the increasing frequency of disasters globally, particularly climate-related events. Indonesia has experienced a significant number of disaster-induced displacements, with a substantial portion of internally displaced people (IDPs) relocating to informal urban settlements. The resettlement process for IDPs is lengthy and challenging, further exacerbated by the lack of facilities and social networks in their new locations. Several guidelines, including the Words into Action (WiA) guidelines by UNDRR, have been developed for IDP management. While Indonesia’s National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) has integrated these guidelines into national disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies, challenges persist in policy implementation, such as weak coordination among DRR sectors and terminology discrepancies. Effective leadership in IDP management is crucial due to the involvement of multiple institutions in Indonesia, including BNPB, the National Cluster of Displacement and Protection, international organizations, civil society organizations (CSOs), and community groups. However, these entities often operate independently. To address these challenges and strengthen IDP management, improved coordination at the national level is essential. This can be achieved through a national forum led by BNPB and the National Cluster of Displacement and Protection to establish consensus on terminology and data collection methods, thereby enhancing the quality of information. Additionally, involving IDPs in decision-making and livelihood restoration plans is vital for building resilience. Coordination efforts should extend to provincial and local levels, involving academics in research and NGOs in providing supplementary data and aid. Strengthened leadership in IDP management will ensure a well-orchestrated response to protect and uphold the rights of IDPs.